Sesi 3 Reading

Setelah teman-teman mahasiswa mempelajari tentang Dealing with Difficult Sentence: Analysing Sentence Structure pada sesi 3 ini, silakan diskusikan dengan teman mahasiswa mengenai materi di bawah ini dan kemudian coba Anda berikan argumentasi atau tanggapan pada pertanyaan di bawah ini:

1. What are differences between clause and phrase? (give two examples)
   
2. What are differences between conjunction and relative pronoun? (give example in sentences)
   

Selamat berdiskusi!

1. Clause is a group of words in which there must be a subject and also a predicate. The subject in a sentence can be an animal, object, person or abstract concept, while the predicate is a verb or auxiliary verb which is equipped with the verb itself. Clause is divided into two, namely independent clause (sentence that can stand alone) and dependent clause (sentence that cannot stand alone).
Ex :
-She was dancing when you left.
Note: The adverbial clause gives information about the verb "was dancing."
-He likes the painting that I just made.
Note: adjective noun gives information about noun “painting”.

Phrase is a group of words without both a subject and predivcate. Phrases combine words into a larger unit that can function as a sentence element. For example, a participial phrase can include adjectives, nouns, prepositions and adverbs; as a single unit, however, it functions as one big adjective modifying a noun (or noun phrase).
Ex :
-Jeffry has noticeably evil eyes.
In the sentence above, the adjective phrase "noticeably evil" has modified the noun in the form of "eyes".
-He drives a car at a very high speed.
The phrase “at a very high speed” becomes modifiers for the verb “drive”.

2. Conjunction is a part of speech that is used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences. Conjunctions are considered to be invariable grammar particle, and they may or may not stand between items they conjoin. There are three types of conjunction:
a. Coordinating Conjunctions. Coordinating conjunctions join like with like. For example, they join a noun with another noun or an adjective with another adjective. The most common ones are "and," "but," and "or." There are seven in total: "for," "and," "nor," "but," "or," "yet," and "so."
b. Subordinating Conjunctions. Subordinating conjunctions join subordinate clauses to main clauses. Common examples are "although," "because," "if," "since," "unless," "until," and "while."
c. Correlative Conjunctions. Correlative conjunctions are used in pairs to join alternatives or equal elements. The most common pairs are "either/or," "neither/nor," and "not only/but also."
Ex:
-The comment was blunt but effective.
(The conjunction joins two adjectives.)
-Familiarity breeds contempt and children.
(The conjunction joins two nouns.)

Relative pronouns are connecting pronouns that are used to form a sentence that comes from two sentences. The form of a pronoun that has the nature of determining and or distinguishing between the noun phrase it describes from other objects.
- Who: used to replace the person who is the subject.
- Whom: used to replace the phrase of a person who is located as an object or complement.
- Whose: used to replace the phrase people who state ownership / possession (possessive).
- Which: is used to replace nouns or animals that are either subject or object.
- That: is used to replace a person or thing phrase in this case "that" is the same as "who", "whom", and "which".
Ex :
The woman is my sister
You kissed her last night
The woman whom you kissed last night is my sister
whom is called as an object pronoun (me, his, her, etc), whom is the object of the verb “kissed” and introduces an adjective clause that describes the subject “the woman”.

The man is my grandfather
He speaks English everday
The man who speak English everday is my grandfather
Who is called a subject pronoun (such as I, he, she, etc), who is the subject of the verb “speaks” and introduces an adjective clause that describes the subject “the man”.

Sumber : Quirk, Randolph. 1999. Grammar of Spoken and Written English. London :Pearson Education Limited